Australia versus USA on social housing – how do we compare?
By Dr Heather Holst
On a recent trip to the USA I was struck by the progress being made nationally to solve the homelessness crisis. A few major cities were proudly declaring they had ended veteran homelessness, while others claimed to have ended homelessness completely in their communities.
As deputy CEO of a major homelessness agency in Melbourne I was keen to understand how a country with a strong aversion to social welfare and government intervention seemed to be accepting a level of responsibility and even leadership in efforts to end homelessness.
I knew the US had a history of developing large scale affordable housing projects in several major cities. This was largely borne of the necessity to house a growing immigrant population and low income workforce throughout the early to mid-20th Century.
Much of the newer affordable housing development in the US is supported by low income housing tax credits provided to both not for profit and for profit organizations. For some large cities like New York the impetus for setting impressive targets like 200,000 new or reclaimed affordable housing properties by 2024 continues to relate to productivity and workforce.
New York Mayor Bill de Blaso has embarked on a serious campaign to boost affordable housing stock in that city by 200,000 because essential service workers like nurses, paramedics, and teachers have been priced out of the private rental market in that city. He also wants to provide housing for low income households (those earning under $24,000 a year) who have previously not qualified for ‘affordable housing’ because their income was too low.
Under de Blaso’s plan developers will adhere to mandated affordable housing quotas in where previously quotas were voluntary. The city will offer developers incentives such as the ability to increase the size of developments to compensate for the lower income generated from the affordable stock. It will also offer tax credits and other incentives for new construction. It will also extend financial assistance to landlords who offer or extend regulated rent to tenants that provides security of tenure.
In contrast Australia’s affordable housing stock has been rapidly shrinking in recent decades and all levels of Government have contributed to the crisis that we now find ourselves in. A combination of bad social policy, a lack of leadership at the federal level and a lack of planning and investment at the state and local levels has contributed to the housing crisis affecting hundreds of thousands of Australians today.
In 2011 Australia recorded a shortage of over half a million rental properties and working in the housing sector I can guarantee that number has increased since then. In Melbourne alone it is estimated that only 1% of rental properties are affordable for low income families.
A Senate inquiry into affordable housing in Australia reported in May this year that the market was not capable of solving the affordable housing crisis. The report was critical of the lack of a coordinated national response on this issue.
One of the findings that resonates with the success of the US model was the need to attract private investors into developing low cost housing. This will only be attractive to developers if incentives are offered along the line of the tax credits available to private investors in the US.
Despite cuts in federal affordable housing subsidy programs in the US, New York’s local government has prioritized a boost in supply through a coordinated effort involving 13 city agencies and buy in from more than 200 developers, and other interested parties. They have also committed $8.2 billion in public funds over 10 years to the plan.
The Low Income Housing Tax Credit in the US is part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Since its inception it has leveraged over $100 billion of private investment capital which has financed the development of 2.8 million homes for low income families.
It is now widely acknowledged now in Australia that housing affordability and homelessness are not marginal issues that we can continue to ignore in the hope that they will go away. There is no stereotype of ‘a homeless person’. While people from low income and disadvantaged backgrounds or those experiencing family violence, mental health or drug and alcohol issues continue to be hardest hit by the housing crisis in this country, it is increasingly impacting on middle class households.
So how can we learn from the US experience which is by no means perfect but has made significant inroads into a problem that really shouldn’t exist in wealthy, developed nations?
The most significant factor in the success of the US model is political leadership. This leadership comes from Washington and flows down to the states and local authorities who are taking up the challenge issued from the top to end homelessness in local communities.
The approach has been considered and well planned. Where it works best it incorporates well thought out public policy and strategic planning and financing from federal, state and local governments. It refocuses the issue of homelessness and housing affordability as an issue the whole community has a level of responsibility for.
I’m hopeful that Melbourne, with a Mayor who is genuinely concerned about homelessness and housing affordability and a strong philanthropic community that includes construction companies like Grocon, can come up with a New York style plan. It might not be as impressive in scale but it would send a message to Canberra and our neighbouring states that we are serious about an inclusive and humane future for our city. One that affords everyone the very basic right to safe, secure and affordable housing.
About the author: Launch Housing’s deputy CEO Heather Holst has worked in the housing sector since 1989. Heather joined HomeGround Services in 2009 as General Manager Client Services where she led the client services teams across all sites and programs.
Heather is passionate about ending homelessness and is committed to leading Launch Housing in working towards this mission.
Her housing experience spans homelessness service delivery, tenancy advocacy, homelessness policy, program development, research, rural homelessness service coordination in both the non-profit sector and government since 1989.
Heather co-authored the Opening Doors initiative and has contributed to key Victorian housing and homelessness innovations including the coordination of all services, transitional housing, standards, data, rights-based approaches and sector training.
Prior to working in the housing sector, Heather worked in the publishing industry for Penguin Books as a sales representative and then as reader and copy editor and for the Australian Women’s Book Review as business manager.
Heather has a Ph.D. in History from the University of Melbourne. She has published scholarly articles, book chapters and a book, Making a Home: A History of Castlemaine. She taught history for several years at Australian Catholic University, including in the Clemente program for people who have been homeless.
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10 comments
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Jack Straw -
z -
Sue Lofthouse -
cathybead -
Sen Nearly Ile -
Flower -
flohri1754 -
stephen Bowler -
Wally -
jim
Return to home pageIt is only going to get worse in this country. We really need a royal commission into the housing question. But we know that’s as useless as tits on a bull. Residential property ownership is now an industry; not roof over your head stuff. The tax system is geared to reward these people. Self interest is buoyed by overseas investors buying up Australia residential property. Property investors and groups like the IPA will say anything or produce the xenophobia card to keep the status quoi going. Or that the world will cave in if we abolish negative gearing. Oh! my God the Mayor. The only structure built during his tenure to help this issue will be to build a monument to himself.
compares with rest of the world so we can find out the difference, not only for homelessness, but also for many aspects regards rich and poverty in this country
It has always irked me that while we allow some people to own multiple homes for profit, others are not permitted to erect rudimentary dwellings as shelter against the elements.
We absolutely should be demanding local, state and federal governments do something urgently to address this huge problem. It seems everyone agrees we have an affordable housing crisis but no one is doing anything about it. How many more people have to become homeless and desperate before treasury realises it costs a lot more to help people who end up with physical and mental health problems from sleeping rough.
Political will is, surely, the key?
We/they have a hard row to hoe, as our government seems fixed on re-inforcing the ‘haves’ concept that the homeless and the poor have themselves to blame for their situation.
Cathybead re:How many more people have to become homeless and desperate before treasury realises it costs a lot more to help people who end up with physical and mental health problems from sleeping rough.Regrettably it may take a politician being shot before they realise.
I would bet that housing in such states as MIssissippi and Alabama and Georgia, and in fact most of the southern part of the US would be far from the level noted in New York — in fact I KNOW it would be. However, credit where credit is due, and good for the more progressive areas of the US if they have an improved social housing situation …..
Dr Heather Holt
I believe that the housing issue is about the view that the poor deserve what they get as mentioned above.
The fact is that the United Kingdom’s answer, The ‘Council House’, was and remains the most succesfull approach to mass housing.
It was only stuffed ùp by that free market fundamentalist Margeret Thatcher, it has not recovered since, and nor will it ever recover whilst we have a freemarket fundamentalist government in power, whether they call themselves a Liberal, Nation or Labor party, or indeed a Greens party.
Do not get me wrong, as so many people do, I am not a Communist. I believe that the a market economy is by far the best bet as an economic system, but we have to understand that governments are there to pursue a public purpose and that means looking after all of the population not just the rich and influential.
So if you are realy serious about solving our housing problem for our homeless or for our low paid, I suggest you study how the brits did it and how well it developed to provide housing for everyone who needed them.
Yes of course there were some problems but one will have problems with any solution.
The beauty of copying the council house model today is that as we are now a fiat economy the cost will be nothing for the federal government to provide the funds using ‘New Money’.
I suggest you talk to Professor Bill Mitchell, he could tell how it can be funded, and what resistance you will receive.
There are country towns in Victoria and NSW who have tried to increase the population by selling blocks of land and houses for as little as $1 provided the new owners agree to some very simple terms. Bottom line is these towns want people to live in their community and to help the town survive, in most cases these towns have the infrastructure, the amenities and the potential to provide a great lifestyle for families but employment opportunities are often the limiting factor.
I understand that living 2 hours from your broader family and not having all of the facilities available in a metropolis is daunting but our cities cannot continue to grow at the rate they are. Demand for housing is the main reason house and land prices are rising, unless we look for solutions outside of the box the upward spiral will continue.
Dispersing population growth over a wider area instead of pushing people into the urban growth corridors is much more affordable and it has the benefit of helping existing communities remain sustainable. People want a large house on a 1/4 acre block in close proximity to where they work (or transport) and they can still have it all if they change the location of their dream home.
The first party to address social housing – the ALP; he Whitlam Government enacted the States Grants (Housing Assistance) Act and the Housing Agreement Act.25 Together, these provided a significant boost in funding to state government bodies responsible for the construction of new homes for low income earners.26 In 1974-75, the construction of 13,500 homes was funded, and this increased supply meant that waiting times for applicants to access to this housing were substantially reduced. And domestic Violence ;975 was designated by the United Nations as the International Women’s Year. The Whitlam Government appointed Elizabeth Reid to distribute $3 million of funding to events and projects to appropriately mark the year.112 This funding was directed towards a major conference on women’s health, to the costs of establishing centres offering women’s health and welfare services, to programs supporting victims of domestic violence, and to cultural projects such as a women’s film festival, literature and performances highlighting the contributions of creative Australian women.https://www.whitlam.org/gough_whitlam/achievements/womenandsocialreforms