By Denis Hay
Description
Explore how educating Australian voters can reform the two-party system for a compassionate and true democracy.
Introduction
Australia’s political landscape has long been dominated by a two-party system that often does not stand for the diverse interests of its citizens. Many Australians feel disconnected from a government that seems increasingly influenced by corporate interests rather than serving the needs of the people.
Educating voters about how the two-party system limits democracy – and exploring how citizens can start reform – can help set up a system that prioritises Australians’ well-being.
This guide will explain the limitations of the two-party system, provide insights into potential political alternatives, and outline actionable steps for voters to contribute to meaningful change. By taking these steps, Australians can work towards a more compassionate and fair political structure.
Section 1: Problems with the Two-Party System
Historical Background of the Two-Party System in Australia
The Australian two-party system took root in the early 20th century, with the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Liberal Party (in coalition with the National Party) setting up dominance. While this arrangement initially brought stability, it gradually sidelined alternative perspectives, reducing policy innovation and limiting public choice.
This system prioritizes party power over genuine representation, often leaving critical issues under-addressed due to rigid partisan lines.
Limitations of the Two-Party System
A two-party system restricts representation to a narrow spectrum of views, sidelining minority voices and suppressing policy diversity. Research shows that corporate donations significantly influence both major parties, creating conflicts of interest. This corporate influence results in policies that serve business agendas rather than addressing pressing needs such as public healthcare, affordable housing, and climate action.
For example, the Australian Election Study 2022 found that only 36% of Australians trusted their government to do the right thing, highlighting a disconnection between citizens and policymakers.
How Two-Party Dominance Impedes Democracy
The two-party system creates a political landscape where compromise is often lacking, and policymaking becomes an exercise in gaining short-term electoral wins rather than achieving sustainable, long-term outcomes. This lack of diversity in political representation creates apathy among voters, as they feel their votes have limited power in influencing meaningful change.
With trust in government eroding, the two-party system has cultivated widespread disillusionment, making citizens feel powerless to enact change.
Section 2: Educating the Public
Understanding Political Alternatives
A broader political representation system could better serve Australian citizens. Alternatives like proportional representation have proven successful in countries like New Zealand, where a mixed-member proportional system allows for a diversity of voices in Parliament. Proportional representation systems enable smaller parties and independents to influence policy, increasing government accountability and responsiveness.
Raising Awareness About Voting Power
Australia’s preferential voting system is unique in that it empowers voters to express multiple preferences rather than making a simple one-candidate choice. By understanding how this system works and using it strategically, voters can help amplify their voices and encourage broader political representation. Here’s a breakdown of how the system works and how Australians can maximise its impact:
1. How the Preferential Voting System Works
In Australia, voters must rank candidates in order of preference, using numbers to show their choices. Here’s a step-by-step look at the process:
Step 1: Marking Preferences
Voters assign a “1” to their top choice, followed by a “2” for their second choice, continuing until all candidates are ranked (in a full preferential voting system). For instance, in federal elections for the House of Representatives, you must number every box on the ballot paper.
Step 2: Counting the Votes
Initially, all “first preference” votes are counted. If a candidate receives more than 50% of the first-preference votes, they win outright.
However, if no candidate secures over 50%, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed to the remaining candidates according to the voters’ next preferences. This process repeats until a candidate has over 50% of the vote.
Step 3: Final Outcome
This method ensures that the winning candidate has support from a majority of voters – either through direct first preferences or through later choices.
2. Advantages of Preferential Voting
Promotes Majority Support: Unlike systems where a candidate can win with only a small plurality of votes, preferential voting ensures that the winner has broader community support, as they must either be the first choice or at least a preferred choice of the majority.
Reduces Vote Wastage: Even if a voter’s top choice is a minor party or independent candidate, their vote can still influence the outcome by being redistributed to other candidates in order of preference.
Encourages Diverse Representation: By ranking preferences, voters can support independent or smaller party candidates without feeling like they are “wasting” their vote. This setup allows minor parties and independents to play a role in the outcome, encouraging more diverse political representation.
Using “Vote Easy,” “They Vote for You,” and Social Media for Informed Voting
Before going to the polls, you can use several resources to understand candidates’ values and voting histories better. Beyond “Vote Easy,” tools like They Vote for You and candidates’ social media accounts offer valuable insights into how candidates have represented voters in the past and how closely they align with your priorities today.
1. They Vote for You: Tracking Voting Histories
“They Vote for You” is an independent platform that compiles data on how members of Parliament have voted on various issues, from healthcare to climate policy. By entering a candidate’s name, you can view their voting record on issues important to you, revealing whether their actions align with their stated values.
Identify Patterns in Voting Behaviour: You can see if a candidate consistently supports or opposes policies you care about. For example, if a candidate has consistently voted against environmental protections, it may show their stance on sustainability.
Examine Consistency and Integrity: This tool allows you to assess whether candidates stick to their principles over time. It can be eye-opening if their voting record diverges from campaign promises, allowing you to make a more informed choice.
2. Social Media Accounts for Real-Time Insights
Social media is a valuable source of current information on candidates’ views, recent activities, and public interactions. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram provide direct access to candidates’ statements and engagements with constituents.
Evaluate Communication Style and Responsiveness: Social media shows how candidates interact with the public, how often they respond to questions, and the level of respect and transparency in their interactions. Responsive candidates who communicate clearly may show greater commitment to serving the public.
Review Policy Updates and Personal Values: Social media can reveal where candidates stand on breaking issues and how they present their personal values. By following their posts, you gain a clearer picture of their character and priorities.
3. Organizing Your Preferences with These Tools
Combining “They Vote for You”, social media, and “Vote Easy” offers a comprehensive view of each candidate, helping you confidently rank your preferences. Use these insights to:
List Candidates Who Align with Your Values: Choose your top candidates based on where they stand on key issues and how consistently they’ve upheld these positions.
Avoid Surprises on Election Day: With this research, you’re less likely to be swayed by last-minute election flyers or promotional materials at polling places. Instead, you’ll have a well-prepared ranking that reflects thorough consideration.
Using They Vote for You, social media, and Vote Easy enhances the power of the preferential voting system. With a clear understanding of each candidate’s values and actions, you can make sure your vote truly stands for your voice in shaping Australia’s future.
3. Using the System Strategically
Support Minor Parties or Independents First
Many voters are concerned that major parties overlook critical issues. By ranking minor party or independent candidates as their top preference, voters can signal support for alternative policies. If these candidates aren’t elected, their votes will still count toward the voter’s subsequent preferences.
Order Preferences Thoughtfully
Voters can ensure that their vote supports candidates who align with their values and priorities by carefully ranking preferences. For instance, if you want to prevent a particular candidate from winning, you might place them last. Conversely, if you strongly support a candidate, give them your “1” vote, even if they are not from a major party.
Balance Personal and Strategic Preferences
By ranking candidates who represent personal values higher but also including a major party candidate in the ranking, voters can make a statement about issues they care about without inadvertently allowing a less-preferred major candidate to win.
4. Example Scenarios of Preferential Voting in Action
To clarify how the system works in practice, here are a few scenarios:
Supporting an Independent Candidate: Suppose you favour an independent candidate focusing on local issues, but they have little chance of winning. By ranking them first, your vote goes to them initially, making a statement of support. If they don’t reach the final rounds, your vote moves to your second preference – perhaps a candidate from a party you feel represents your interests fairly well.
Blocking a Least-Preferred Candidate: If there’s a candidate whose policies you strongly oppose, you can place them last. Even if they receive many first-preference votes, they will need to earn sufficient added preferences to win. By placing other candidates higher, you contribute to blocking their path to victory.
5. Avoiding Common Pitfalls
Don’t “Donkey Vote”: A “donkey vote” occurs when a voter simply numbers down the ballot without consideration. This can unintentionally give support to a candidate that the voter doesn’t actually favour. Be deliberate in ranking preferences to ensure your voice reflects your choices accurately.
Use All Preferences if Required: In full preferential voting, skipping numbers or using the same number twice invalidates your vote. Be thorough and check your ballot before sending it to ensure it aligns with your preferences.
6. Why Every Vote Counts in Preferential Voting
Preferential voting means that each voter has a nuanced impact on the election outcome. Unlike first-past-the-post systems, where only a single vote counts, preferential voting allows Australians to rank candidates based on degrees of support. This layered approach means every vote plays a role, often influencing the result even if it takes multiple rounds of counting.
In summary, preferential voting offers Australians a robust tool for influencing elections. By understanding and effectively using their vote, citizens can support candidates who reflect their values, encourage greater representation of diverse views, and promote a more inclusive democracy.
Identifying and Challenging Media Bias
Media bias shape’s public opinion and can influence voting behaviour, especially when a single media company dominates the landscape. In Australia, News Corp – owned by Rupert Murdoch – owns a substantial part of the country’s media, including Sky News Australia, The Daily Telegraph, and The Herald Sun. This concentration can limit the diversity of perspectives available to the public.
Sky News and Its Influence on Regional Voters
In many rural and regional areas, Sky News Australia is available for free, unlike other cable channels. This accessibility has made it one of the primary sources of televised news and commentary for rural Australians, who may have limited access to other news sources due to geographic and economic constraints.
Editorial Bias and Impact on Public Opinion: Sky News often takes a conservative editorial stance, focusing heavily on issues and narratives that align with right-leaning perspectives. This bias can shape the views of rural voters, sometimes presenting one-sided interpretations of complex issues like climate policy, economic reform, and immigration. For instance, narratives around climate change can be minimized or framed sceptically, which can affect the environmental priorities of voters in rural communities.
Limiting Exposure to Alternative Perspectives: In rural areas where Sky News is readily accessible, viewers may be exposed to fewer alternative news sources that offer balanced or progressive viewpoints. This can create an “echo chamber” effect, reinforcing political views without providing context or counterpoints. As a result, voters might be less likely to consider candidates from parties with differing policies, reducing the diversity of representation.
Shaping Voter Intentions: The limited media diversity in regional areas can shape voting intentions by amplifying fear-based or divisive narratives. For instance, during elections, Sky News may focus on topics that stir emotional responses, such as security concerns or economic stability, often favouring conservative candidates as solutions to these concerns. Over time, this influence can shift voting patterns in rural areas toward candidates who align with the channel’s views, reducing political diversity and reinforcing two-party dominance.
Counteracting Media Bias with Diverse News Sources
To make well-informed voting decisions, it’s crucial for voters to seek out diverse sources of news and information. Balanced reporting from outlets like ABC News, The Guardian Australia, SBS and several other reliabably independent journalists can provide alternative perspectives and help counteract biases from highly partisan sources. Additionally, independent news sites like The Conversation offer well-researched, academic insights into current issues that help readers understand complex topics without sensationalism.
Voters are encoura to actively seek multiple sources of information, particularly in regional areas, where it is essential to counter the effects of media concentration. By broadening their media diet, Australians can critically assess news content, reduce the influence of biased narratives, and make voting decisions that genuinely reflect their values and interests.
Section 3: Empowering Citizens to Act
Forming Local Political Groups and Movements
Grassroots movements have historically been powerful catalysts for change. Voters can form or join local groups focused on advocating for specific policy reforms or holding elected officials accountable. Movements like Voices for Indi have proven that community-led political initiatives can shift the political landscape, promoting transparency and standing for regional interests.
Community groups can hold forums, host candidates, and encourage open discussion, empowering voters to connect directly with policymakers.
Steps for Getting Started:
Begin by finding community issues of high concern.
Set up goals and strategies for addressing these issues.
Organize regular meetings, invite speakers, and build an engaged community.
Demanding Accountability from Elected Officials
Holding elected officials accountable ensures they stand for the people rather than party agendas. Attending town halls, engaging directly with MPs, and taking part in public consultations can amplify citizens’ voices and push representatives to act on public needs. Contacting officials through emails, phone calls, and social media provides a direct channel to voice concerns and expectations.
Supporting Electoral Reform Initiatives
Proportional Representation and Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) are both electoral reforms that aim to make voting fairer and more representative, but they are distinct systems with different mechanics and outcomes. Here’s a breakdown to clarify each:
1. Proportional Representation (PR)
Definition: Proportional Representation is an electoral system where seats in a legislature are distributed based on the proportion of votes each party or group receives. This means that if a party wins 30% of the vote, they should receive 30% of the seats. PR can take various forms, but it aims to reflect the overall preferences of the electorate in the composition of the legislative body.
How It Works:
Under PR, voters typically vote for a party rather than individual candidates (although there are systems where individuals are elected proportionally).
The proportion of seats each party receives corresponds to the proportion of votes they gain.
PR systems are often used in multi-member districts, where multiple representatives are elected from each area, ensuring that various views are represented.
Key Benefits:
Increased Diversity: PR allows smaller parties and independent candidates to gain representation in proportion to their support, leading to a wider range of perspectives in Parliament.
Reduced Wasted Votes: Since more voters see their preferences reflected in the legislature, fewer votes feel “wasted.”
Examples: Countries using PR include New Zealand, Germany, and many Scandinavian nations.
2. Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV)
Definition: Ranked-Choice Voting, also known as preferential voting in Australia, is a system where voters rank candidates in order of preference (first, second, third, etc.). RCV is a way to handle elections with multiple candidates while ensuring that the winner has majority support. It’s often used in single-member districts, like Australia’s House of Representatives seats.
How It Works:
Voters rank candidates (1 for their top choice, 2 for their next, and so on).
If a candidate receives more than 50% of the first-preference votes, they win outright.
If no candidate gets a majority, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed to the voters’ next preferences. This process repeats until a candidate has a majority.
Key Benefits:
Majority Support: RCV ensures that the winner has majority support (at least over 50% once preferences are considered).
Reduced Vote Splitting: Voters can support their top choice, even if it’s a minor candidate, without fear that it will “waste” their vote or inadvertently help their least-preferred candidate.
Examples: RCV is used in Australia (for the House of Representatives), some U.S. cities, and Ireland.
Key Differences
Goal of Representation: PR is primarily about ensuring proportional representation for parties or groups across a larger multi-member district, while RCV is focused on finding a majority-supported winner in a single-member district.
System Type: PR is often used in party-list or multi-member systems, while RCV is typically used for single-member elections.
Outcome: PR leads to legislatures that reflect the overall vote distribution more closely, while RCV ensures individual winners are broadly acceptable to most voters.
Why Support Both?
Supporting both systems can help create a more inclusive political environment:
PR in Upper Houses or Larger Multi-Member Districts: This broadens diversity by allowing smaller parties and independent voices a fairer chance at representation.
RCV in Single-Member Elections: This ensures that each elected representative has broad support, even if they aren’t the top initial choice for a majority of voters.
In summary, Proportional Representation aims to create a legislative body that mirrors the electorate’s preferences, while Ranked-Choice Voting ensures that each winner is supported by a majority. Both reforms complement each other and, when used together, can create a fairer and more representative political system.
Key Reforms to Support:
Proportional Representation: Expands diversity in Parliament.
Ranked-Choice Voting: Reduces vote wastage and increases voter choice.
Campaign Finance Reform: Reduces corporate influence and increases transparency.
Section 4: Creating a Vision for a People-Cantered Democracy
What a True Democracy Could Look Like
In a truly democratic system, public interests – not corporate or party interests – would shape policies. Government policies would prioritise Australians’ needs, including quality healthcare, education, housing, and environmental protection. This vision involves a system where all citizens feel empowered to contribute to political decisions, fostering a society where equity and well-being are central.
Engaging the Next Generation
Educating young people on political engagement is critical for lasting change. Schools, universities, and community programs can foster understanding of democratic principles and responsibilities. Youth programs that simulate voting, public speaking, and debate can inspire active citizenship, ensuring the next generation values and protects democratic ideals.
Resources for Young Voters:
“Australian Youth Climate Coalition” for climate activism.
“Oaktree” for youth-led social justice initiatives.
Educational materials from Australian Electoral Commission on democratic processes.
Conclusion
Australia’s preferential voting system gives citizens a unique opportunity to influence election outcomes by ranking candidates according to their values and priorities. By understanding how this system works and using resources like Vote Easy, They Vote for You, and candidates’ social media profiles, voters can make informed, strategic choices that support diverse representation and policy changes that align with public interests.
These tools empower voters to see beyond campaign promises and examine candidates past actions, values, and responsiveness to community needs. Informed voting can shift the political landscape toward a system where elected officials genuinely represent the people, not just party interests or corporate influences.
Creating a people-cantered democracy requires voters to take control of their preferences and use them effectively. By voting with insight and intention, Australians can foster a political environment that prioritizes public welfare, environmental protection, and social justice, moving closer to a true democracy for all.
Question for Readers
What steps do you think are most effective for shifting towards a more representative democracy in Australia?
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This article was originally published on Social Justice Australia.
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